International Journal of Infection
Volume:1 Issue: 1, May 2014

Since June 1999, the majority of cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), an arboviral disease, have been reported in the southeast region of Iran..
The main objective of this study was to investigate CCHF risk perceptions and to identify the factors influencing perceived risk in this area..
Patients and In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 subjects were randomly recruited through 20 health centers in the city of Zahedan, located in the southeast of Iran. Information was collected by interviewing the respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with a 'high' CCHF perceived risk..
Approximately 70% of the respondents reported the CCHF risk to be 'high'. Factors independently associated with a 'high' CCHF perceived risk included; holding a university degree (OR=5.65, 95%CI 2.02-15.83), high school education (OR=2.70, 95%CI 1.27- 5.75), having had a relative/friend diagnosed with CCHF (OR=2.94, 95% CI 1.08-7.96), a CCHF knowledge score ≥ 9 out of 20 (OR=3.37, 95% CI 1.61-7.07) and a knowledge score between 5 and 8 (OR=2.58, 95% CI 1.51-4.39)..
Our results showed that the study population perceived a high likelihood of CCHF risk. Improving public knowledge and awareness could result in a more realistic assessment of CCHF risk, hence better compliance with taking precaution measures to tackle the disease..

Context: Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholera and transmitted by the fecal-oral route. The source of V. cholerae in nature is human and the most common vehicle of this infection is water and infected food. Here, we reviewed diagnosis, treatment, and prevention routes of cholera..
Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were searched from 1980 to 2013 regarding epidemiology, treatment, and prevention routes of cholera. Keywords including cholera, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment of cholera, and control and prevention routes were searched. In this review article, we focused mainly on the treatment and control of cholera..
Cholera is a rare disease in industrialized countries; but, is still common in other parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin and Central American countries (like Haiti). Symptoms begin with a sudden onset of painless watery diarrhea which can quickly become voluminous. Antibiotics regimen is also recommended in addition to adequate hydration. Health education and education in environmental control are critical for the prevention of cholera..
Safe water supply and adequate sanitation and hygiene are the important routes for the control and prevention of cholera infection..

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever which transmitted by tick-bites, or through contact with infected animal tissues or secretions during and immediately post-slaughter. It can be responsible for severe outbreaks in humans. .
We have explained five patients of a family with (CCHF), which acquired the illness at one time. Every five patients were admitted to our hospital and they treated by ribavirin promptly. Unfortunately, one patient was referred late to the hospital and the treatment started 96 hours after the beginning of the first sign who expired.
CCHFV can infect human clustering in a family .To our knowledge, this is the first report of this form in Iran..

Development of biodegradable and biocompatible films based on the protein polymer with strong antibacterial activities is gradually obtained extensive concern in the world..
In this study, improvement of chitosan film properties incorporated with Trachyspermum ammiessential oil as a potential antioxidant/antibacterial wound dressing was investigated..
Gelatin films were prepared from gelatin solutions (10% w/v) containing Trachyspermum ammiessential oil TAM (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w), glycerol (25% w/w) as plasticizer, and glutaraldehyde (2% w/w) as cross-linker. The mechanical, water solubility, water swelling, water vapor permeability, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films were measured according to the American Society for Testing and Materials..
Gelatin films exhibited good tensile strength and elongation at break, water solubility, swelling, and water vapor permeability. Incorporation of TAM into the gelatin films caused a significant decrease in tensile strength and swelling, and a significant increase in elongation at break, water solubility, water vapor permeability and whiteness of the films. Gelatin films exhibited low antioxidant activity while gelatin films incorporated with TAM exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. The films incorporated with TAM also exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria..
Our results suggest that the gelatin/TA films could be used as a very attractive alternative to traditional materials for different biomedical applications..

Development of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria motivates the researchers to search for newer antimicrobial agents..
In the present study, antibacterial effects of Cuminum cyminum Linn. essential oil against multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections were studied, using microdilution method..
: A total of 12 E. coli strains were isolated from urine cultures of hospitalized patients (Zabol, southeastern Iran) suffering from urinary tract infection during 2011-2012. After bacteriological confirmatory tests, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oil of C. cyminum Linn. were determined using microdilution method. Essential oil of C. cyminum Linn. was obtained by hydro-distillation and the MICs were investigated to characterize the oil antimicrobial activities..
All of E. coli isolates were resistant to four of the antibiotics including ceftazidime (50%), cefixime (41.6%), tetracycline (75%) and erythromycin (58.3%). The highest MIC value (250 ppm) was observed against two antibiotics and the lowest (10 ppm) against one antibiotic..
C. cyminum Linn essential oil has a potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli MDR strains. Our study confirms the use of this essential oil as an antibacterial agent. However, further research will be required before its therapeutic application..

According to several studies, diabetes mellitus has been recognized as one of the main risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)..
The main purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in patients with diabetes..
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2010 to December 2011 in Ali Asghar Diabetes Center of Zahedan, Iran. Standard chest radiography and sputum smear examination were performed on patients with diabetes who had signs and symptoms of tuberculosis. Cases of active TB were identified and referred to directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) centers. In addition, a purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test was done for all patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software with chi-square and fisher exact test in cross tabulation..
Of the 400 patients with diabetes, 24 (6%) patients were suspected to have active PTB, yet laboratory paraclinical examinations revealed 4 cases of smear-positive pulmonary TB. The result of the PPD test was negative (induration of 0-4 mm) in 257 (64.25%) patients, intermediate positive (induration of 5-9 mm) in 118 (29.5%) and positive (induration of 10-14 mm) in 25 (6.25%) cases..
The results of this study indicate high frequency of smear-positive TB in patients with diabetes, compared with expected cases in the community and global population. Thus, screening of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes is recommended for the control and successful treatment of the two diseases..

One of the major clinical problems regarding pseudomonas aeruginosa is attributed to the production of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) enzymes. This group of enzymes are a member of beta-lactamases which constitute Ambler class B that hydrolyze - carbapenems..
The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence rate of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), through phenotypic and genotypic methods, and also to investigate - antibiotic resistance pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the hospital in Zahedan, Iran..
Patients and The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of imipenem against pseudomonas aeruginosa was measured for 191 species isolated from Zahedan hospitals, after confirmation by biochemical methods and determination of antibiotic resistance pattern (ARP)..
Strains with MIC > 4 µg/ml were investigated by phenotypic and genotypic methods. In the current study the rate of resistance to imipenem was 5.7% and after carrying out the phenotypic experiments, nine strains were identified as the potential producers of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL). Among them, seven strains were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. VIM-1 was the predominant gene in the positive strains. The study results confirmed the presence of metallo-beta-lactamase genes in some of the samples isolated from Zahedan hospitals..
Regarding the importance of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) produced by Pseudomonas spp. isolated from hospitals, quick identification of clinical samples should be considered as an important and basic step to treat and control infections caused by Pseudomonas spp..

Several hundred thousand people are infected with Vibrio cholera every year worldwide, with a case fatality rate over 2%. Periodic cholera outbreaks are of important health issues in Iran, especially in Sistan and Baluchistan province..
In this study, we evaluated cholera out breaks and related factors, during 2010-2013, to improve controlling the disease in this province..
In this study, all epidemiologic data about patients with Cholera, during 2010-2013, were evaluated. Afterwards the environmental determinants and management indices were assessed..
The largest outbreak occurred in 2013. The incidence rate was significantly higher in men than women (RR = 2.8), in foreign immigrants than the Iranians (RR = 44.1) and in rural population than the urban population (RR = 26.2). The major part of patients, especially the first cases, lived in areas with poor sanitation like immigrant camps or remote villages and did not have access to sanitary water..
Problems like poor sanitation and sanitary water access limitation, in rural and remote areas and also in immigrant camps necessitate allocating more resources, better inter-institutional cooperation and more intense border travelling control in this province..